Love Is An Interesting Idea - 2396 Words

Love is an interesting idea to analyse because it is such a broad topic. We can love a range of things from pets, to places, to people. We can also have different relationships that involve love: it can be between a family, or a certain group of people, or maybe just that one special person. Online, there are a lot of different definitions for it. The first definition on dictionary.com tells it as â€Å"a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person† (8/4/15 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/love), merriam-webster.com defines it as â€Å"to hold dear or to cherish† (8/4/15 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love#) and Wikipedia explains that love is â€Å"a variety of feelings, states and attitudes that range from interpersonal connection to pleasure† (8/4/15 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love). This concept we call love is displayed to us in all kinds of media, including movies, television shows, books, music, art, dance a nd is easily one of the most, if not the most, popular genres that we express today. Love has quite a lot of different aspects and from this concept; we can contrast these differences between several texts. The objective throughout this speech is to look at the similarities and differences between the different aspects of love portrayed in the poems Winter Song by Elizabeth Tollet and The Forsaken Wife by Elizabeth Thomas. I chose these two poems because the ideology of love is greatly portrayed in Tollet’s poem, yet a lack thereShow MoreRelated Use of Allusions in Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Essay560 Words   |  3 Pagesuses many allusions to empires and other objects, events and ideas that are not directly related to his feelings, in order to explain how he feels. He uses these allusions to exaggerate his feelings in order to clearly show them. After reading over the poem once, you get a sense of what the speaker is feeling. Upon further analysis of the poem you r ealize that the allusions used in the poem, are in fact, what makes this poem so interesting. The speaker begins the poem by explaining to his mistressRead MoreMisunderstanding Relationships in Boogie Nights Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe film Boogie Nights provides an interesting case study of the unique nature of human relationships, specifically love and friendship. It presents a crisscrossing mash-up of various combinations of traditional love categories: friendly (plutonic or nonsexual) love, family love, lust, master/servant or apprentice/teacher love, etc. Besides being entertaining, Boogie Nights presents these combinations to provoke an insight on our part into the nature of love. This insight is exemplified in Jack’sRead MoreEvil Is The Devoid Of Good Intentions1209 Words   |  5 Pagesboth religions and then choose which ideology that I prefer. Hinduism has a very interesting aspect to evil. I learned this right way though our reading of the Ramayana. The Ramayana is all about two main elements; demons and devotion. Ravana, is a demon Rakshasa and is â€Å"in love† with Sita. Sita is the sister of Rama and is taken by Ravana. Ravana heard that their was a beautiful maiden and he was just in love with the description that he was getting of her. Ravana said that he needs to go andRead MoreThe Metaphysical Conceit in Donnes Poems1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Metaphysical Conceit Donne’s Poems â€Å"The Flea† and â€Å"A Valediction† are poems by John Donne that were written in the 17th Century. These poems incorporate the fundamental of something called a metaphysical conceit. Interesting though, both poems use the metaphysical conceit to tell a story about two very opposite situation between two â€Å"partners†. â€Å"The Flea’s† metaphysical conceit is stretched along a lustful, passionate, relationship between two individuals. â€Å"A Valediction’s† metaphysical conceitRead MoreDeath Is Not Master By Thomas Miller911 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between ‘I’ and ‘You’ who love each other a lot and never want to become separated by death. The opening line â€Å"I cannot let you die† (Line 1) represents how much the persona loves the reader and wants that she/he should not die. Immediately, the persona explains her love by saying â€Å"I block factual death† (Line 2). This sho ws that she doesn’t want you to die and she will bock death with any fact. Again the second line ‘I’ is used to explain the persona’s love with ‘you’ that she can use anyRead MoreEssay about Augustine And Love1001 Words   |  5 PagesAugustine define love? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Augustine states continuously that he was not yet in love, but was in love with love. This statement doesn’t make sense to me. I don’t believe that someone can be in love with something, if he or she doesn’t understand what love is. â€Å"I was not yet in love, but I was in love with love, and from the very depth of my need hated myself for not more keenly feeling the need.† (pg. 35) How can Augustine hate himself if he doesn’t know what loves feel likeRead MoreBuddha s Brain : The Practical Neuroscience Of Happiness, Love, And Wisdom1158 Words   |  5 PagesBuddha s Brain When people generally discuss the Buddhist principals or the life of Buddha, the subjects of the anatomy or evolution of probably rarely arise. However in this book, â€Å"Buddha s Brain – the practical neuroscience of happiness, love, wisdom†, many of the tenets of Buddhist teachings are backed by the latest research and well established scientific theory. The author, Dr. Rick Hanson and his collaborator, Dr. Richard Mendius, are both scientist themselves with Dr. Hanson being aRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s The Roman Goddess Of Luck 1227 Words   |  5 Pages The notion that Sonnet 124 does not necessarily discuss admiration or affection felt towards a particular youth, one need only consider its author’s use of figurative language. One of the most interesting metaphors invoked within this sonnet is that of Fortune. Fortune, or Fortuna, was the Roman goddess of luck; typically depicted with a blindfold covering her eyes, she was often considered capricious and fickle in terms of who she offered her blessings to and how long she offered them for. By characterizingRead MoreLet Me Die - I Want Eternity936 Words   |  4 PagesThus, conveying Miller’s idea of how the perspective death is not the master; instead, it is the slave of eternal life of serenity and calmness that lies ahead. So, no one should try to become a barrier by blocking the death. Repetition of ‘you’ six times and ‘I’ three times symbolizes the relationship between ‘I’ and ‘You’ who love each other alot and never want to become separated by death. The opening line â€Å"I cannot let you die† (Line 1) represents how much the persona loves the reader and does notRead MoreRomantic Relationships : The Romantic Construal Model941 Words   |  4 Pagessome concepts that I have studied previously regarding the five love languages. There is a book that describes these as being: words of affirmation, quality time, receiving gifts, acts of service and physical touch. This book is really interesting because it outlines that each person has a primary and secondary love language and it argues that those in relationships should be aware of the love language of the other person and use the love language on their partner and vice versa. When the article was

The Effect Of Parent Child Separation On The Middle School...

According to literature, parent divorce and separation, job relocations, as well as family migration were three main components for family-child separation (Bradley Corwyn, 2002; Jones et al., 2004; Amato Cheadle, 2005; Huurre et al., 2006; Asis, 2006; De Silva et al., 2007; Graham Jordan, 2011; Jordon Graham, 2012). Parent migration is a more serious problem for most Asian countries comparing to western countries, and more and more research were conducted in Asian. There are not many research investigate the influence of parent-child separation caused by parent migration in western countries instead of mainly focusing on parent divorce or separation and job opportunities. Therefore, it is essential to see family migration as a factor contributed to parent-child separation could make any difference for children’s psychosocial development. The current study provided evidence in research to examine the psychosocial health for middle school children with parental migrations c onducted in the U.S. Moreover, the current study could contribute some evidence to the literature on the specific role of parental migration as a factor of parent-child separation on children’s psychosocial development. The results of the current study could be compared with studies of children’s psychosocial problems due to parent divorce or separation and job opportunities. In addition, the result of the study could also be compared with similar research studies in eastern country to see if anyShow MoreRelatedPolicy Solutions for Jobless Poverty Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pageseconomic opportunities and community benefits. In contrast to living in employed poverty or unemployed poverty in neighborhoods of high employment, jobless poverty causes negative effects that lead to individuals and their families becoming stuck in a continuous cycle of jobless poverty. As a result of these negative effects, it is important to consider policy solutions that would address this growing problem and pr ovide opportunities for individuals to escape the cycle of jobless poverty. The mostRead MoreReducing Risk Factors of Children’s Resilience Essay2432 Words   |  10 Pagesevaluate the effectiveness of the concept in the area of developing more effective protective factors for children and families subjected to vulnerability and adversity. It will be noted that resilience needs to be promoted on three fronts, work on individual resilience strategies, promotion of resilience through the organisations and agencies, such as school and the curriculum, family welfare services and promotion of resilience in the community. This paper concentratesRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagesregional gaps in information in official reporting with respect to the nineyear period 1983-1991. The average percentages of countries actually reporting over this nine-year period were as follows: in Europe (74%), the Americas (5 1 %), the Near and Middle East (46%), Asia and the Pacific region (40%) and Africa (37%) (derived from table 2 in 8, p. 4). 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Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as providesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesquestion is: what future for the Ministry? ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  In 1991, 28-year-old James Palumbo invested  £225,000 (≈a340,000) of his own capital into a new dance club located in an old South London bus depot. As an old Etonian (the UK’s most elitist private school), a graduate of Oxford University and a former merchant banker, Palumbo was an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironicallyRead MoreAnz Bank142091 Words   |  569 PagesAustralia, ANZ meets the requirements of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth), which imposes reporting obligations where energy production, use or greenhouse gas emissions trigger specified thresholds. Prior to its repeal with effect from 29 June 2014, ANZ also complied with the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2006 (Cth), which imposed an obligation to identify energy efficiency opportunities and report on progress towards achieving them. ANZ holds a licence under the

Grammatical Tenses and English Test Date Free Essays

Name English Test Date : April 9, 12 G. R. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Grammatical Tenses and English Test Date or any similar topic only for you Order Now T Dep. First Year Duration : min Read the following text, then answer the questions below: Sidney Fisk Work: Sidney Fisk is a lawyer. He’s 45 years old . He’s paid very well, but he usually has to work long hours. He works for an international company in Dallas, Texas, so he travels a lot in his job. At the moment he’s working in Mexico, and next week he’s travelling to France. Home Life: Sidney is married and he’s got two children, aged 11 and 14. He rarely sees his children because so much of his time is spent away from home. He’s got a beautiful house in the suburb of Dallas. It’s very big with eight bedrooms. His wife is an interior designer. Free Time: If he’s at home at the weekend , he and his wife sometimes play golf , but that doesn’t happen very often . They never have much time to relax together . Is he happy : He says he doesn’t know if he’s happy . He’s too busy to think about it . Questions : 1- What are the good things about Sidney’s life ? ( 1pt ) 2- What are the bad things about Sidney’s life ? ( 1 pt ) 3- Do you think his life is exciting or boring ? Would you like to have a life like Sidney’s ? State why ? (2 pts ) 4- What are the ingredients for happiness in your opinion ? State at least three and justify your answer . ( 1. 5 pt ) 5 – Pick out from the text words that may have the same meaning as the following :(1. 5 pt ) A -Corporation b – go from one place to another c- away from city 6 – Pick out from the text :(2 pts) a- Simple present tense and justify its use b- Present continuous tense c- Two adjectives and state the word each modifies d- Two jobs How to cite Grammatical Tenses and English Test Date, Essay examples

Introduction to Epidemiology for Paper Critique - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Write about theIntroduction to Epidemiology for Paper Critique. Answer: Title of the Journal Article The title of this journal article is brief, precise and there is no punctuation used. It is written using simple language and the intervention/exposure can be easily identified. However, the authors of this journal article have run short of naming the associated outcome as expected. There are good examples where the associated outcome have been mentioned making the title more precise and clear. For example, a journal article authored by (Li et al., 2012; Rastogi et al., 2004) has outlined both intervention and outcome, making it easier for the reader to understand the purpose the study. The Article Abstract The simple requirement for an abstract is to summarize the study and it should be stand alone. Therefore, the abstract in this article has met the basic elements by clearly stating the purpose of the study, objectives of the study, the main findings of the study, the study population, the study design, and the conclusion derived from the study findings have been clearly started. Moreover, the objective of this article was to determine effects of physical activity at the lower level compared to the recommended level with lowering of risk factors associated with cardiovascular and improved functional capacity as the outcome according to (Tully et al., 2007). Introduction The introduction part of this journal article starts by associating the exposure that is active participation in physical activity to the outcome that which is clearly started as improved health of the community. Moreover, the author went ahead and identified the gap in knowledge that exists. For example, according to (Tully et al., 2007), recommendation on the promotion of structured walking scheme and the effect on low-level physical activity are not well researched and there is a lack of proper documentation. The gap in knowledge then acts as the basis for the purpose of the research, and the research problem is derived from the gap in knowledge on the study area, some of the gap in knowledge that have been pronounced by the authors include lack of research evidence to show where pedometer has been used as adjunct to other interventions and the differential effect of as a result of varying doses of the exposure. Moreover, the statement of the problem has been clearly stated in the in the introduction part of the article. For example, in order to identify research problem and formulate the research questions, the author of this journal article has cited an article that recognizes the fact that adherence to supervised programs have recorded low results, and lack of research findings based on adherence to an unsupervised walking programs according to (Tully et al., 2005; King et al., 1995) as cited by (Tully et al., 2007). The use of other past research findings as part of the introduction part is a good move, the use of literature helps the reader to understand more about the subject area and the rationale of the study. For example, the same trend has been witnessed in the other journal articles on the same subject area, according to (Soares et al., 2015; Rognmo et al., 2012; Rostagi et al., 2004), there is an established association between physical activity such taking part in 36 minutes of walking every day with reduction in the risk of developing Coronary heart disease by 55%. In this article, the authors have emphasized on the benefits of organized walking on the health of the community. At the same time, it is worth noting that at the end of the introduction part the authors of this article have articulated the aim of their study. According to (Tully et al., 2007), the aim of the study was to establish the effect of unsupervised home-based walking at lower the existing suggested level of physical activity on the risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and functional capacity on the health of an adult practicing sedentary lifestyle using the pedometers for self-monitoring. However, there are some issues that have not been addressed in the introduction part of this article. For example, the author has not highlighted the research questions or created a good theoretical ground for the formulation of hypothesis. The studies by (Anderson et al., 2016; Shiroma et al., 2010; Hashibe et al., 2009), are exemplary examples where the a uthors have highlighted research questions and hypothesis in order to enable the reader to understand the rationale of the study. The same concept has been witnessed in studies conducted by (Heran et al., 2011; Chow et al., 2010; Rostagi et al., 2004), in this study in the introduction part the researchers have reviewed the different literature with a view of describing both the exposure and the outcome. Furthermore, the information has helped the reader understand the subject area and help in identification of the gap in knowledge that exists. The literature used in this journal have helped in highlighting the knowledge gap that exists within the subject area. For example, a studies conducted by (Mons et al., 2014; Meisinger et al., 2007; Rostagi et al., 2004), is a good example where the authors have stated the gap in knowledge in the introduction part. Description of Evidence Exposure The exposure in this study was a home-based walking program. Outcome The expected outcome of this study was improved cardiovascular risk factors and functional capacity. The study participants carried out self-monitoring to measure the outcome using pedometers. It is worth mentioning that the researchers observed certain standard procedures during the measurement of the outcome in order to reduce the chances of measurement bias from occurring. For example, the author has clearly mentioned that during the measurement of arterial blood pressure and the heart rate the study participants were allowed to rest for 3 minutes and the measurements were taken while they were seated, in addition, the measurement was obtained using a validated tool. This was a very good move by the researchers in improving the internal validity of the research by reducing measurement bias. Moreover, the researcher baseline measurement for the lipid profile test was also done by following the recommended laboratory standard procedures, in this case, the study participants were ask ed to fast before their blood samples were taken for determination of the lipoproteins that included low-density lipoproteins (LDL), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins. Technically this is tests that require patient to fast overnight before their determination can be carried out from the blood sample, in the absence of fasting there will be a false positive result. However, despite all the efforts put in place by the researcher in eliminating the measurement bias, it is very clear after exhaustively reading the article that the researchers of this article did not state how many enumerators were involved during the outcome measurement and whether they were trained or not, the issue is of concern because it could be a source of bias in the study. I would recommend that the measurements taken by well-trained enumerator and only one person is engaged as the enumerator in taking outcome measurements to eliminate measurement bias completely leading to improved study result v alidity. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), the bias are defined as systemic errors that afflict the study design and therefore negatively impacting the study validity and the overall effects will be felt as the established association based on the study findings can be challenged by others. Study Design A randomized control trial study design was used to conduct this study. The individuals who were invited to the first session were interviewed and asked to fill a questionnaire on the lifestyle and health issues. It is very important that the authors of this article have started the inclusion and exclusion criteria that were used for recruiting the study participants. One of the basic element to be considered when determining causality in any epidemiological study assess whether the study design used is appropriate, besides good sample size and elimination of systemic error that could influence the outcome of the observed association between exposure and outcome according to (Quincy and Ragan , 2017; Bowling, 2014; Sofi et al., 2008). The decision by the researcher of this study to use the random controlled trial as the study design to determine the association between unsupervised home-based walking at lower the existing suggested level of physical activity on the risk factors relat ed to cardiovascular disease and functional capacity on the health of an adult practicing sedentary lifestyle according to (Tully et al., 2007), is highly recommendable. Random controlled trials is highly ranked as one of the epidemiological study design that has the capabilities of providing most reliable evidence to determine association between the exposure and the outcome, this is because most of the confounding factors that could have led to study participants being exposed during the study have been eliminated by randomization according to (Salmond et al., 2016; Zaccai, 2004). However, this study design is expensive as compared to case-control studies and ethical issues are also an area of concern. It is important to recognize the fact that for this study the researchers obtained signed consent from the study participants before their lifestyle and health information was obtained and ethical clearance was sought by the researchers from Queens University of Belfast research eth ics committee as suggested by (Tully et al., 2007). However, it is worth mentioning that randomization doesnt perfectly yield balanced groups between the exposed and the control with respect to prognostic factors and differences due to chance has seen in the exposed group according to (Stott et al., 2012; Zaccai, 2004). In this study the authors went ahead and clearly started that randomization was achieved by computer generating random numbers and the results were concealed until after the baseline measurements was complete, the aspect of reporting the process of randomization and concealment was a good move. According to (Bowling, 2014; Kepes et al., 2014; Zaccai, 2004), one source of error in reporting randomized control trials is a lack of reporting on the method used to achieve randomization and allocation of concealment. Zaccai reported that 45% of random controlled trail journal articles obtained from a medical journal that went through systematic review lacked reporting on t he process of randomization. Study Population The participants in this study were employees of Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS) with age bracket of 40 to 61 years. The restriction of age is one way of eradicating confounding factors, hence, this was a good move by the authors to improve the internal validity of the study. However, there was no matching between the exposed group and control. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), the use of restriction and matching are effective ways to prevent confounding in any epidemiological study. Studies by (Sattelmair et al., 2011; Rastogi et al., 2004), the concept of age restriction and matching was used to eliminate the confounders. The source of the study population has an impact on the conclusion that can be drawn from the study, selection bias can be introduced into the study based on how the participants were recruited according to (Zaccai, 2004). For example, in this study the participants were recruited into the study through the media, this can be a source of selection bias in that the level of motivation and attitude towards health issues between those who voluntary to participants and non-participants. The authors of this article have done a good job by clearly starting the inclusion and exclusion criteria that were used to recruit the participants into the study, this move helped in improving the study validity. However, the reader of this article can raise fundamental issues that regarding the lack of description of socio-demographic characteristics, I would recommend that the information on socio-demographic be included to give more information on the study participants and limit confounding. Description of the study population socio-demographics helps the reader understand the possibilities of making a statistical inference based on the study findings (Salmond et al., 2016; Boccia et al., 2007; Zaccai, 2004). The generalization of this study finding to the entire population cannot be realized due to certain issues that include lack of stratification of the study participants within the group, for instance in the control group there were only 5 males and 15 females, the results obtained from this can be misleading. It is worth noting that the author of this journal article have clearly started and explained the loss of follow-up and the attrition rate has been calculated this could help the reader in understanding the conclusion drawn from the association and exposure. Main Findings and Discussion The researcher has recognized the importance of reporting on the response rate that was witnessed during the period of the study which was reported as 5.6%. However, it is important to point out that the registered response rate was quite low and therefore, could not be a true representative of the initial population which was estimated to be 3000, this has negatively impact on the external validity of the study findings. Therefore, the statistical inference of this study findings can be challenged by the reader. At the same time, it is recommendable that the author has reported the issue and this can be viewed as a limitation of this study. Moreover, the researchers of this article have reported an attrition rate of 11% and the reasons for the loss of the study participants have been given. Though, it was important to report the attrition rate the reader can associate it with a source of attrition bias in the study. The effect can be felt when calculating the attribute risk, hence, resulting in decrease in the strength of association between the exposure and outcome. The researchers in this study reported significant decrease in the measurable outcome of the cardiovascular risk factors such as BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, total cholesterol to HDL ratio for both the 3and 5 day group, but the same was not recorded among the control group. Furthermore, the researchers in this study performed independent t-test to determine if the difference in a significant changes observed between the 3 and 5 day groups were due to lack of balance between the subgroups. The decision to use the t-test was a good move because this was one of the best ways of eliminating confounding factors another possible way of removing the confounding would be through stratification. The authors reported no significant difference the 3 and 5 day in terms of the distance walked and this was proved by the results producing a p of 0.81 but 3 day group recorded increased functionali ty with p-value results of 0.03. The authors did well by presenting the significance of the results using the p-values, they did not go further to state the confidence interval which could have validated the study results more. However, this can only be assumed to be significantly correct if there was no bias introduced in the study, but from the scrutiny of the study method there are possibilities of bias hence the validity of the results can be challenged by the reader. For example, despite all the efforts put in place by the researcher in eliminating the measurement bias during the measurement of the outcome, it is very clear after exhaustively reading the article that the researchers of this article did not state how many enumerators were involved during the outcome measurement and whether they were trained or not, the issue is of concern because it could be a source of bias in the study. It would have been my recommendation that the measurements be taken by well-trained enumera tor and only one person should have been engaged as the enumerator in taking outcome measurements to enhance the study result validity. At the same time, the data on the walking program the study participants were allowed to self-report on the steps made, the level of breathlessness, and duration of walking this could be prone to bias. It is not easy to determine the strength of association between the exposure and outcome from this study findings. The authors of this research have used ANOVA and t-test for comparing the outcome between the groups and within the groups. I would have recommended the use of multivariate analysis by controlling all the Covariates, this would be best way of eliminating the confounding factors from this study. For example, a study by (Tully et al., 2004), multivariate adjusted relative risk was calculated to measure the association between the exposure and the outcome. The results reported by the authors of this study were not able to establish a tempora l relationship between the exposure and the outcome. For example, the authors reported no improvement on the level lipids such as LDL which other studies have reported as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the authors reported 15% and 11% increase in 10 m SWT distance walking for 3 and 5 days respectively. Furthermore, the reported results were consistent with other studies cited by the authors which reported 8 % to 30% increase. The reported results by the author explain the dose-response relation that exists between the exposure and outcome in this study. The existence of biological plausibility can also be supported by the reported result of improved functionality function which helps in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the validity of this results can be challenged due to confounding that could have emanated from familiarization due to lack practice test. It is worth mentioning that the author did well summarizing the study res ults in the opening part of the discussion section and went further to cite more literature that supports the study findings this proves the consistency of the study. However the authors didnt cite research findings that contradict the study, this would have added more value to the discussion of the subject area. General Comments It is very important that author stated the limitation of the study by identifying issues that include small sample size, sources of the confounding. The authors went further to give the recommendations for feature studies. Furthermore, the authors of this study went ahead to provide information on the impact of the study results and the contribution of the study findings to the study area and the conclusion was basically drawn from the study findings. Reference Anderson, L., Oldridge, N., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., Taylor, R. S. (2016). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,67(1), 1-12. Boccia, S., La Torre, G., Persiani, R., D'Ugo, D., van Duijn, C. M., Ricciardi, G. (2007). A critical appraisal of epidemiological studies comes from basic knowledge: a reader's guide to assess potential for biases.World Journal of Emergency Surgery,2(1), 7. Bowling, A. (2014).Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Chow, C. K., Jolly, S., Rao-Melacini, P., Fox, K. A., Anand, S. S., Yusuf, S. (2010). Association of diet, exercise, and smoking modification with risk of early cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes.Circulation,121(6), 750-758. Hashibe, M., Brennan, P., Chuang, S. C., Boccia, S., Castellsague, X., Chen, C., ... Fernandez, L. (2009). Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium.Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,18(2), 541-550. Heran, B. S., Chen, J. M., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., ... Taylor, R. S. (2011). Exercise?based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease.The Cochrane Library. Kepes, S., Bennett, A. A., McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Evidence-based management and the trustworthiness of our cumulative scientific knowledge: Implications for teaching, research, and practice.Academy of Management Learning Education,13(3), 446-466. King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Young, D. R., Oka, R. K., Stefanick, M. L. (1995). Long-term effects of varying intensities and formats of physical activity on participation rates, fitness, and lipoproteins in men and women aged 50 to 65 years. Circulation, 91(10), 2596-2604. Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular diseasea meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.International journal of environmental research and public health,9(2), 391-407. Meisinger, C., Lwel, H., Heier, M., Kandler, U., Dring, A. (2007). Association of sports activities in leisure time and incident myocardial infarction in middle-aged men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study.European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation,14(6), 788-792. Mons, U., Hahmann, H., Brenner, H. (2014). A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements.Heart,100(13), 1043-1049. Quincy, B., Ragan, P. (2017). Critical Appraisal of Observational Designs.The Journal of Physician Assistant Education,28(1), 49-52. Rastogi, T., Vaz, M., Spiegelman, D., Reddy, K. S., Bharathi, A. V., Stampfer, M. J., ... Ascherio, A. (2004). Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in India.International journal of epidemiology,33(4), 759-767. Rognmo, ., Moholdt, T., Bakken, H., Hole, T., Mlstad, P., Myhr, N. E., ... Wislff, U. (2012). Cardiovascular risk of high-versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-112. Salmond, S., Porter, S. (2016). Critical Appraisal.Comprehensive Systematic Review for Advanced Practice Nursing, 173. Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E. L., Kohl, H. W., Haskell, W., Lee, I. M. (2011). Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-110. Shiroma, E. J., Lee, I. M. (2010). Physical activity and cardiovascular health.Circulation,122(7), 743-752. Soares-Miranda, L., Siscovick, D. S., Psaty, B. M., Longstreth, W. T., Mozaffarian, D. (2015). Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-115. Sofi, F., Capalbo, A., Cesari, F., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F. (2008). Physical activity during leisure time and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies.European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation,15(3), 247-257. Stott-Miller, M., Chen, C., Chuang, S. C., Lee, Y. C. A., Boccia, S., Brenner, H., ... Levi, F. (2012). History of diabetes and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis from the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium.Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,21(2), 294-304. Tully, M. A., Cupples, M. E., Chan, W. S., McGlade, K., Young, I. S. (2005). 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International Terrorism Essays - TurkeyISIL Conflict,

International Terrorism Terrorism is an element of modern society that cannot be escaped. Acts of terrorism occur during times of war and times of peace. Some are to prove a point, others to show defiance. Terrorism can never be completely eliminated because the human race will always find a reason for there to be violence. No culture is perfect. However, we can take steps to prevent such seemingly senseless attacks. Governments and their citizens must be better equipped to fight terrorism. Terrorism to most is thought of as a matter for the police to handle. This is the mentality that terrorists thrive on. Governments must be on top of terrorists and know the plans before they are put into action. Successful terrorists always find a way to stay one step ahead of the authorities. This has to stop. If a certain group claims responsibility for an act of terrorism, no matter what the motive may be, that group must be attacked with all possible resources. People must be willing to work together and unite. Most of the time, terrorism is the end result of people not getting along. Terrorism is an act of violence used to bring about change. Change can be made in other ways. Lives do not have to be lost. Terrorism depends heavily on three things: publicity (to get their ideas out to a mass audience, attract attention, and scare the public), discreteness (secrecy), and loyalty (the leader in command has full authority over those who work below he/she). Out of the three, publicity is most likely a terrorists best friend. Without an audience, there is no one to hear a terrorist. There is no reaction. The media just plays into this with 24 hour coverage of hostage situations like the one in late 1997 when a group of terrorists held members of the Peruvian government hostage form an extended period of time. Everyone from Australia to Hawaii knew about that incident. After the media stopped covering the story as it began to get old, it was almost like the incident never happened. Eventually the hostages were released. As far as discreteness goes, terrorists make all of their plans in complete secrecy. Usually in a terrorist group, members who are lower on the group totem pole can only identify one or two members on the inner circle. If governments were to go after these "little fish", though it would be a slow and tedious process, it could lead to bigger things. Going right to the heart of the problem isn't always the best way to get something done. Lastly, groups rely heavily on loyalty. That is why authorities must make a firm stand in saying that they will not negotiate with terrorists as the United States has. When a group is hold-up for a long time and their demands are not being met, peoples loyalty is tested. They begin to blame each other and eventually they breakdown. One of the leading causes of terrorism is a government repressing and persecuting its people and their beliefs. No where is this more true than in Turkey. The epicenter of violence in Turkey is the PKK. The Kurdistan Workers Party, known ass the PKK, is one of the best organized most violent group of terrorists in the world. They are an extremely tight-knit collection of thieves, murderers, fugitives and other hardened criminals. They began their attacks between the late 70's and early 80's. In order to understand the PKK's motives, you must first understand the history of the Kurdish people. It all started in 1928. For centuries, the Kurds had found a home in a section of the Middle East that is located for the most part in south-eastern Turkey. Because the Kurds could not establish an autonomous nation, they were persecuted by their host states who did not like having the Kurds in their territories (though their dwelling place was located primarily in Turkey, it also stretched into parts of Iran, Iraq, and Syria). Being that the majority of the Kurds were in Turkey, there was a social revolution and many languages and alphabets used by various ethnic groups were banned. The Kurds were one of these minorities and they became subject to a "campaign of repression" . This resulted in an uprise of radical groups. This is where the PKK organization came from. Between December of 1995 and the fall of 1996, there was a group cease-fire, however there were a few notable PKK attacks including a suicide bombing on a Turkish military parade. 9 were

Racial and ethnic inequality

Racial and ethnic inequality Introduction This paper explores race and ethnic inequality in the US. Racial and ethnic inequality is a global challenge. Hence, in the US, the vice is common because of multicultural. According to Ethnic and Racial Minorities Socioeconomic Status racial and ethnic inequality in the US is popular at places of work and institutions of higher learning (Karger et al., 76).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racial and ethnic inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite government efforts to uproot the issue, through various legislations, human rights group and religious organizations, racial and ethnic inequality continues to engulf the US. The article, Ethnic and Racial Minorities Socioeconomic Status, supports the challenge of racial and ethnic inequality in the US. The article indicates that majority of African American children live in severe poverty compared to their Caucasian counterpart (American Psycholog ical Association). Also, the article draws that the unemployment level of African Americans are lower compared to Caucasian Americans. Similarly, African American working on a full-time job earns an average of 72 percent compared to Caucasian men who earns 85 percent on similar working basis (American Psychological Association). In the education sector, a huge gap exists between the minority education achievements and the Caucasian Americans. For example, Latinos and African American attends low level schools compared to Asian and Caucasian. Similarly, African American students are deprived of essential resources in schools. This is in contrast with Caucasian students who have superior resources and learning environment (American Psychological Association). This case study explains weighty issues connected to racial and ethnic inequality in the US. Racial and ethnic inequality is a historical issue in the US; hence various sociological fronts have strove to explore this issue by usi ng different forms of sociological schools of thought. One notable school of thought embraced is the functional theory. The functional theory explores how racial and ethnic inequality progresses the welfare of various groups in society (American Psychological Association).Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although sociologists’ scholars basing on this school of thought attest racism and ethnic are not a good practice, they note that this facet is supported by the function it plays. Thus, racial and ethnicity is strengthened by dominant group (Ethnic and Racial Minorities Socioeconomic Status). Moreover, the functional theorist shows that racial and ethnic inequality weakens the society. Hence, to discourage inequity in the society, people should understand this weakness and devise better strategies in overcoming racial and ethnic inequality (Karger et al., 90) . For instance, the view of African American as an economically deprived group may be untrue; they have the means like the Caucasians in living better lives when granted right resources, environment and support. Hence, the situation they are experiencing is because of denied opportunities (American Psychological Association). On a conflict theorists view, racial and ethnicity is addressed as a conflict that occurs between different classes in the society. In this article, African Americans and other minorities are seen as inferior compared to Caucasian. They have the power of rising beyond their current status of economic prosperity, when granted equal playing field. Policy to address racial and ethnic inequality among the various minority groups in the US should embrace good practices which integrates inclusiveness. Good practices tailored towards preventing racial and ethnic inequality should be innovative and flexible. Hence, all the minorities should experience fair opportunitie s. The opportunities should not be a preserve for the selected few. Creating a free and fair society where people are respected, regardless of their race and ethnicity should be a guiding principle for every person. It should not be left as a preserve of the authorities. Thus, a policy resolving the challenge of race and ethnicity should be all encompassing. American Psychological Association. Ethnic and Racial Minorities Socioeconomic Status, 2012. Web. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/minorities Karger, Howard Jacob and David Stoesz. American Social welfare policy: Apluralist approach, Boston: Allyn and Bancon, 2010. PrintAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racial and ethnic inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Racial and Ethnic Inequality Introduction This essay examines racial and ethnic inequality based on an article by Erlanger Steven. The article indicates that racial profiling by the police in Paris is still a sticky issue that has to be addressed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racial and Ethnic Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basing on different sociological perspectives, the article is analyzed towards understanding the phenomenon and recommending a policy framework. Good policy and grounded initiatives are the only sure way of dealing with racial and ethnic inequality. Article Summary An article by Erlanger reports that police in Paris harass black and Arab men more than their white counterparts. A research done by the â€Å"open society justice Initiative† on â€Å"ethnic Profiling in Paris† indicates that police in Paris stop and do identity checks on black and Arab men more prevalently than is the case for white Paris men. This study confirms the wide spread accusations or racial profiling leveled against the police. For one white man checked, at least six blacks and 7 Arabs are checked. Secondly, the study also established that clothing was a major factor used in profiling individuals. Out of the total population checked, those found wearing cloth that is representative of French youth culture formed 47% (Erlanger 1). Thirdly, out of those stopped, blacks and Arabs were more susceptible to police frisking and detention. From interviewees in the study, it is clear that police target youths on a purely racial line. Article Analysis Racial and ethnic inequality has been a big challenge or stumbling block in the way people interact around the world. Different sociological perspectives have been proffered to explain the phenomenon of racial and ethnic inequality or discrimination. There are four main sociological schools of thought i.e. the functional theorists, the conflict school, the interac tional theorists and the labeling school of thought (Arrighi 105). The functional perspective focuses on how ethnic and racial inequality advances the interests of different groups in society (Arrighi 107). Theorists in this school of thought although acknowledging the fact that racism or ethnic discrimination cannot be admired, they point out that this phenomenon is sustained by the function it plays (Schaefer 253). In most cases, racial or ethnic discrimination is sustained by the purpose or role it fulfills especially for the dominant group. In the case of Paris, as presented in the article, discrimination against minority blacks and Arabs serves as a way of asserting dominance of the white majority in society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, through discrimination, the dominant group manages to keep the minority checked i.e. it denies them the freedom nec essary for self actualization and enjoyment of life in Paris. Largely, discrimination gives the discriminating group a good feeling or airs. The airs that come with understanding the perceived competitor is subdued sustains racial and ethnic inequality and discrimination. On the other hand, functional theorist points out that racial and ethnic discrimination makes society dysfunctional in many ways (Schaefer 253). The only way of ending racial and ethnic inequality and discrimination is to help people realize how dysfunctional such attitudes and dispositions are. For example, police in Paris belief that much crime is committed by black and Arab youths. This may be true; however, the major reason why these minority groups resort to crime or delinquency is the frustration from not being able to live in peace like the majority. As the frustration due to denied opportunities and harassment increases, phenomenon like the violent riots that were witnessed in Paris in 2005 cannot be avoide d. The second sociological perspective on ethnic and racial inequality is the conflict perspective. Conflict theorists look into the phenomenon of racial and ethnic inequality in terms of conflict between different classes in society. In line with Marxist thinking, the economically dominant do not want the less privileged to become empowered (Schaefer 253). The bourgeois cannot allow the enlightenment and empowerment of the proletariat. According to the exploitation theory, proffered by conflict theorists, economic competition and related conflict is the major explanation as to why discrimination persists. The herd mentality and close identification with race or ethnic group results from a self preservation instinct. In the mind of many in society, the other poses an economic threat. In the case of Paris, many Arabs and blacks are considered largely as unwanted aliens on sorts. As indicated in the article, those perceived as immigrants especially from Africa are targeted most. One r eason why they are targeted would be to ensure they do not assimilate and rise within the economic echelons (Arrighi 110). As the conflict theorists explain, racial discrimination does not serve society. It basically leads to acrimony and dissatisfaction in society. The actions of police make Arabs and blacks see them as enemies. As a result, the two groups cannot work harmoniously for the good of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racial and Ethnic Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The blacks and Arabs continue seeing whites as oppressors while the whites see the others as unwanted and unworthy competition of sorts. Such like conflicts have precipitated into xenophobic attacks. However, racial and ethnic discrimination can not conclusively be explained by the conflict perspective. The exploitation and minority is not entirely about them being an economic threat. The findings presented in the article point more towards a labeling perspective or explanation of ethnic and racial discrimination. The blacks and Arabs are not discriminated because they are a threat to the economic well being of the whites but rather because they have been labeled as more likely to do criminal acts. The authorities, after following historical data, are convinced of prevalence of crime or given characteristics among a given group. This then becomes the label and all members of the group become suspects of sorts. As the study presented in the article indicates, labeling does not help much as it only creates an angry lot. Many black and young Arabs are angry because they feel targeted on the basis of color. The final perspective on racial and ethnic inequality is the interactional view. Interactional theorists indicate that level of interaction and mode of interaction either fuels or stops racial and ethnic discrimination. As reported by (254), the contact hypothesis, proffered by interactional theorist s posits that racial discrimination is lowered by increased interaction between people of different racial groups that are of relatively equal social or economic status. Interaction with others helps individuals to appreciate that beyond the color difference, human beings are largely the same or similar. Race or ethnicity is a mere accident. As people interact, they are able to challenge their own leaned stereotypes and prejudices leading to acceptance of others. Conclusion In conclusion, authorities have to look at the issue of racial and ethnic discrimination a little more carefully. If it is not checked, it leads to conflicts that can turn violent as witnessed in Paris in 2005. Policy guiding police interaction with populace has to be geared towards fairness in the way the treat all citizens. As an official indicated in the report, training can play an important way in changing outlook. Police and other citizens have to be helped to understand how other groups are functionally im portant, how the groups contribute in the economy, why the labels against them are prejudicial and stereotypical. Finally, forums and ways of facilitating interaction between police and Arab or black youths can help dissipate the prejudices.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arrighi, Barbara, A., Understanding Inequality: the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity, Class, and Gender .Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2007. Erlanger, Steven. Study Says Blacks and Arabs Face Bias from Paris Police. New York Times. 29th June, 2009. 17th April, 2010.  https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/world/europe/30france.html?_r=2scp=30sq=US%20racial%20inequalityst=cse Schaefer, Richard, T. Sociology. 12th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

SAM 344 UNIT 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 344 UNIT 6 - Essay Example Nike manufactures shoes of various shapes, styles, and sizes as per the preferences and tastes of every buyer. Therefore, customers have the opportunity to choose from a variety and thus, not limited to one product type (Pitts, & Stotlar, 125). However, the market for shoe products is segmented since customers have varied preferences and tastes that the product meets. Therefore, Nike strives to ensure that its customers derive the best from the product as per the market segmentation (Carbasho, 12. I think the shoe products from Nike continue to evolve and pass through various stages as it grows to meet the ever-evolving needs of the customers. This is to ensure that the products do not become out of date and irrelevant to customers as well as to their needs at different periods. Nike Company provides a variety of sport products; a variety of shoe, equipment products and sport attires. For instance, one of the company’s brands, Cole Haan has a range of casual footwear, a lineup of dress and as well as various accessories for women, men, and children (Carbasho, 14). Furthermore, it markets headgear and sells small plastic products to various manufactures and through Nike IHM Inc. Other products produced and marketed by Nike include skate blades, protective gear, hockey sticks, and hockey jerseys among other accessories. Nike’s pricing is designed in a manner that is competitive to that of other rival firms dealing with shoe products. Moreover, its pricing is on a basis of quality segment as target buyers. Its pricing strategy uses vertical integration in determining price as they control and engage participants at various levels or channels of operations. This aids in controlling costs and thus influences product pricing (Carbasho, 14). The shoes produced by Nike are distributed to the exclusive Nike stores as well as multi – brand stores all over the globe. It sells the shoes to over 20,000 retail accounts within

Its our actions that show us who we really are J.K Rowling (critical Essay

Its our actions that show us who we really are J.K Rowling (critical lens) - Essay Example The play follows, in large part, the physical and psychological actions of Prince Hamlet as he feigns madness and deliberates killing the King and his step-father. Perhaps more than in any work of literature the notion of actions are implemented as a primary element of determining who the character really is. One of the major quotes of the play is made by Hamlet when he states, "The play's the thing/ Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king" (Act 2, scene ii). Here Shakespeare is implementing foreshadowing to demonstrate the true nature of Hamlet’s character as hesitant and contemplative. Indeed, Hamlet’s action in not killing the King becomes a major theme throughout the play and demonstrates significant characterization. Throughout many instances and examples Shakespeare demonstrates that rather than being a decisive individual Hamlet is contemplative and existential. This contemplation is implemented in a number of monologues and soliloquys in explaining intimat e and detailed aspects of Hamlet’s character. Ultimately, through theme, characterization, and foreshadowing, Shakespeare demonstrates that Hamlet’s actions in refraining from killing the King reveal a significant amount about who he really is.

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States Essay

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States - Essay Example Vast migration across the globe characterises the modern world. By 2000, 175 million people lived outside their place of birth: 158 million of these were urban migrants; 16 million were refugees and 900 000 were asylum seekers (Boyle, 2004). In 2005, the United Nations reported that there were more than 190 million international migrants, about 3% of the world’s population (UNHCR website, 2011). Since the current world population, 6 billion approximately, is too large to be compared to the population at any other time in history, unique problems exist. Countries no longer have complete control of their populations. Regional organizations, international non-governmental organizations or movements, multinational companies and even criminal organizations effectively are independent of state boundaries and often national laws (IR Theory Homepage, 2011). Religious, ethnic, cultural and even gender identities form international communities, not tied to single countries (Anderson, 20 04). Refugees, fleeing their countries of birth due to war, famine, and oppression arrive in the USA, and in other mainly Western countries, every day, hoping to be protected by the democratic systems of these countries. International law clearly determines the rights and protection that must be given to refugees, who are forced to leave their country of birth (Akehurst, 1976). USA Federal law honors the right of asylum of people wanting to migrate to the USA, in line with the many international treaties and agreements which have been signed by the USA, following the rules of international law. About one-tenth of annual immigrants to the USA per year are refugees. Since 1980, more than two million refugees have settled in the USA (Human Rights USA website, 2011). According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted as a Protocol by the United Nations in 1967, a refugee is a person outside his/her country of nationality, who fears persecution if he/she returns to their home state. This persecution must be due to one or more conditions called â€Å"protected grounds† by the United Nations Protocol. So, a refugee is someone who is likely to be persecuted in a home country due to race, nationality, religion, political opinion and membership of a social group, such as a religion. All countries that signed this agreement are required to give asylum to refugees, and the USA is a signatory of this agreement (The UNO, 1966). Within the USA, the Refugee Act of 1981 was passed by the USA Congress to expand the laws already agreed to in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Human Rights USA website, 2011). Currently, the handling of refugees in the USA is the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Department of Homeland Security. Once the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees has indicated that refugee status is necessary, as defined in the paragraph above, USA authorities will most likel y accept that status, and begin to process the individuals or groups as refugees. In the USA, the criteria include someone who is â€Å"unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution† in their home country (CIS website, 2011). According to the UNHCR (website, 2011) about 8.4 million people worldwide could be classified as refugees. These refugees tend to originate in West Africa, Central Asia, South West Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. Within USA law, refugees must satisfy the same

Who Are The Cherokee Indians History Essay

Who Are The Cherokee Indians History Essay Cherokee Indians are a tribe that originated in the Southeastern United States. Their traditional lands included north Alabama from Noccalula Falls at Gadsden, Alabama, to all of Georgia north of Atlanta, to Kings Mountain, S. C. in the east; all of western North Carolina, southwest Virginia and East and Middle Tennessee. They also had traditional hunting claims in Kentucky. Their territory was eventually eliminated through about three dozen treaties between 1721 and 1835. The Treaty of New Echota (near Calhoun, Georgia) ceded the last remaining territory east of the Mississippi in exchange for land in Oklahoma. The whole tribe of Cherokees was forced to go west to Oklahoma in the 1830s on the infamous Trail of Tears that began at Red Clay Council Grounds in Tennessee just north of the Georgia state line. Among those who were force to leave were several thousand who died on the Trail of Tears. However, a few were able to hide in the mountains of western North Carolina. This group became the Eastern Band of Cherokees. Their tribal headquarters are at Cherokee, North Carolina. Today there are reservations in North Carolina with about 10,000 Cherokee and Oklahoma with about 100,000 Cherokee. Many are mix bloods rather than full bloods. Many Cherokee place names have been left in the places where they previously lived. The name Tennessee was taken from one of the Cherokee towns. The Cherokee were counted as one of the five civilized tribes of the Southeast which includes the Choctaw, Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles. They had the most vital and richest culture of all the tribes north of Mexico, a feature that most modern Americans have forgotten unless reminded in movies such as The Outlaw Josey Wales. Prehistoric and pre-Columbian knowledge of the Cherokee is limited. Their first European contact was with the expedition led by Hernando de Soto in 1540. The contact with de Soto was limited because his goal was exploration. He was followed eventually in the 1600s growing numbers of contacts French colonies in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana and with the Spanish in Florida. However with the founding of the English colonies of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina the contract grew into trade relationships. The trade relations developed with the Cherokee getting guns, powder, shot, and other trade goods in exchange for deer skins. The skins were valuable in Europe as a type of leather goods. Guns were more efficient hunting tools than bows and arrows. British merchants, who were frequently Scotsmen moved into Cherokee villages and established trading post. Many of these traders married Indian women. Their children, who were mix-bloods, usually grew up in the wilderness but with some European education. They were to be important because they provided much of the leadership in the future, at times in agreement and at times in opposition to the full bloods. Being of both cultures they were able to interpret each culture to the other. During the Eighteen Century the struggle between the French and English for control of North American meant frequent warfare. To protect the deer skin trade forts were built in Cherokee country which was divided into three basic areas. For the most part the Cherokee lived in towns. South Carolina held the lower towns; Western North Carolina the middle towns; and the over the hill towns were in east Tennessee. Fort Loudoun had been built in 1756-1757 at the confluence of the Little Tennessee and Tellico Rivers. It was a trade center and the Cherokee had free access to it until the outbreak of the Cherokee War (1759-1761). The Cherokee War occurred during the French and Indian War (1754-63). Known as the Seven Years War globally The French and Indian War is the name for its North American Theater of Operations. The origin of the Cherokee War was an incident in late 1758. A Cherokee war party, returning from unrewarding service in the Forbes Expedition, stole a few horses from frontier settlers. In a brief fight both Cherokee and whites suffered casualties. The Cherokee then sought revenge under their law which was in essence the law of the feud in which retaliation soon killed many on both sides. In November of 1759 South Carolina Governor William Henry Lyttleton declared war on the Cherokee. Efforts at peace negotiation failed because the Cherokees refused to surrender the individuals who had begun the fighting. To do so would have satisfied English ideas of justice; but would have violated Cherokee traditions. By 1760 a growing number of Cherokee and white settlers had been killed. In June Colonel Archibald Montgomery led an army of British regulars and colonial forces against the Cherokee. The Lower Towns and Middle Towns in the southern Appalachians were destroyed. Montgomery won a costly battle near Franklin, North Carolina on June 27, 1760 after which he returned to Charlestown. The gravest incident was the massacre of the Fort Loudoun garrison. The fort had been surrounded by the Cherokee and reduced to starvation. It was surrendered and its garrison was retiring to South Carolina, when it was attacked at Ballplay, Tennessee, where Cains Creek joins the Tellico River. Twenty-two officers and soldiers along with three women were killed in revenge for Cherokee losses. The survivors were held captive until the wars end. In June 1761 an expedition commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Grant defeated the Cherokee near the village of Estatoe. He then burned all of their neighboring towns and all of their crops reducing them to near starvation. The Cherokee accepted peace term in August 1761. The Cherokee suffered numerous losses during the Cherokee War; however, more devastating were the losses from European diseases such as small pox, measles and other contagions. In response the Cherokee fought back with the Booger Dance, a spiritual weapon. Booger Dancers wore ugly masks and danced to ward off diseases or to ceremonially reduce fear of the deadly diseases. During the American Revolution the Cherokee remained loyal to the British and conducted military operations on their behalf. This led to fighting with the colonists and to demands for their removal after the Revolution. Among the Cherokee women often played an important role as counselors. Some became known as war women. An important War Woman was Nancy Ward. The acceptance of female leadership and influence was contrary to the male dominated white practice. By the 1790s Cherokee leadership came to the conclusion that he best way to preserve themselves was to become civilized. They began to develop more European style farm, clothing, government and Christianity. Often led by the mixed bloods such as John Ross, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot they were aided by missionaries such as the Moravians who had a mission at Spring Place, Georgia. The Cherokee leadership began to develop into a civilized nation complete with the practice of slavery. A great event in the advancement of the Cherokees was the invention of a Cherokee language syllabary by the mixed blood Sequoya (Sequoya, Sequoia, Sikwayi). Named George Gist by his English father he was a skilled craftsman who developed a system of 86 symbols that represented the sounds of the Cherokee language. The syllabary was finished by 1821 and opened the way for thousands of Cherokee to learn it within a few years. The Cherokee Council was the government of the Cherokee nation and based upon its constitution. It met in the town of New Echota (now a restored state park just east of the current City of Calhoun, Georgia). The Council adopted the syllabary and provided for the publication of an official Cherokee newspaper, The Phoenix. Published in both Cherokee and English it was the first Indian newspaper in the United States. By 1827 the Bible, hymnbooks, pamphlets and many other writings were being translated into Cherokee. During the War of 1812 many Cherokee aided the Americans against the British and their allies including the Creeks (Muscogee). At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama) in 1814 General Andrew Jacksons life was save by a Cherokee brave, Junaluska. However, this was not enough to prevent then President Jackson allowing their removal to Oklahoma in the 1830s. The demand for removal of all Indians east of the Mississippi River had been strong since at least the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson. In Georgia it was a major issue especially after the discovery of gold at Dahlonega in 1828. A huge influx of miners moved, often illegally, onto Cherokee land increasing demands for removal which occurred despite Supreme Court rulings in favor of the Cherokee: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v Georgia (1832). The Five Civilized Tribes were removed in whole or in part. A remnant of the Cherokee found refuge in the deep coves of the Smokey Mountains of Appalachia. With legal help from whites they eventually purchased land at Cherokee and became the Eastern Band. The bulk of the Cherokee in northern Georgia and elsewhere were forcibly expelled from their homes and conducted under military guard to Red Clay Council Grounds (now Tennessee historic state park) just north of Cohutta, Georgia, but in Tennessee. From there one group set out in the autumn to journey to Oklahoma. Many died on the Trail of Tears, a few escaped to North Carolina, and those that arrived in Oklahoma eventually had to develop their own farms and institutions. During the War Between the States most of the Cherokee sided with the Confederacy. They fought in battles in Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma. After 1885 Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts introduced what became the Dawes Act. It abolished the communal property of tribes and instituted a policy of individual ownership that was to further promote their civilizing. While the Five Civilized Tribes were exempt from the Dawes Act they came under increasing pressure to accept it. In 1895 the Curtis Act dissolved Indian tribal governments and forced allotments of the land. The results were a great deal of swindling of the Cherokee and many other Indians. Almost all of the original land granted to the Cherokee under the terms of the Treaty of New Echota was lost. In compensation Cherokee were made American citizens in 1901 and allowed to vote. On March 3, 1906, the Cherokee Nation was abolished. The present Cherokee Nation was organized in 1948 under the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act (1934). Economic justice was to some degree awarded the Cherokee Nation in 1961 with payment of $15,000,000 by the U.S. Claims Commission for lands of the Cherokee Strip (Outlet). Modern Cherokee have served in the United States military and government. Most are educated and only a small number speak Cherokee. The seat of the Cherokee Nation (tribal government) is at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The tribe adopted a new constitution in 2006. Under the leadership of their Principle Chiefs since the 1950s, who have included W.W. Keeler (1971-1975), Ross Swimmer (1975-1985)Â ¸ Wilma Mankiller (1985-1995), Joe Byrd (1995-1999) and Chad Corntassel Smith (1999-Present). The tribe conducts many different programs to promote the welfare and its cultural traditions. Among its money making ventures are casinos in Oklahoma and North Carolina. The Cherokee are in the process of building their own future with aid from many sources. Andrew J. Waskey References and Future Reading Bass, Althea. Cherokee Messenger. 1936. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 1996. Cotterill, R. S. The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes Before Removal. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954. Foreman, Grant. The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934. Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1976. King, Duane H. ed. The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. McLoughlin, William G. Cherokees Missionaries, 1789-1839. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. Mooney, James. History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. 1900 1891. Ashville, NC: Historical Images, 1992. Purdue, Theda. ed. Cherokee Editor: The Writings of Elias Boudinot. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996. Woodward, Grace Steele. The Cherokee. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Role of the Extended Family :: Sociology, The Family Unit

There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of any children of which may be apart of it. There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of any children of which may be apart of it. Whether due to economic changes, cultural values, the role of caregiver goes beyond mother and father (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). The family unit is as diverse as the societies they each represent. This sometimes can manifest traditional roles of doting mothers and providing fathers into a home with two sets of parents (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Therefore, the involvement and importance of the extended family: grandparents and other family members such as aunts and uncles play a significant role in both its economic and social function. The family unit is as diverse as the societies they each represent. This sometimes can manifest traditional roles of doting mothers and providing fathers into a home with two sets of parents (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Therefore, the involvement and importance of the extended family: grandparents and other family members such as aunts and uncles play a significant role in both its economic and social function. The quantitative analyzed data showing family members within the socioeconomic status. A study of families within the Asian society that are poor and from rural areas compared to upper-middle class families (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). The sample comprised of different families consisting of three groups, which shared nuclear, and extended family living arrangements. Each group were given a scheduled of activities that were to be performed by the caregiver to a child. Some of these activates included the daily function of a parental role such as, bathing, feeding and transporting to and from school (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Data found that fathers in the upper-middle class family, regardless of it being nuclear or extended, were more involved in performing the activities (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Mothers continued to be the primary caretaker in both extended and nuclear family. In upper-middle class extended families, grandmothers were just a source of support, compared to the poor disadvantaged families where the responsibilities were provided by not just grandmothers but other female members of the family including aunts living under the same roof (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). In the article findings, it was an important note that grandmothers were more involved in childcare activities than fathers in all groups within the extended family (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004).

Disadvantges of Joint Family

extended family also has some disadvantages just like any other thing. For instance, one’s privacy may be denied in some cases because of the large number of people. There are some things you will want to do alone or sometimes one may want to think or spend time alone in privacy all of which is very hard to do in the extended family especially a very large one. There is also a kind of monarchy in extended family. A decision made by the over head which is usually the grandfather cannot be challenged any other person. This is a disadvantage because one may not be allowed to exercise his rights of freewill to something.Some Children get spoilt in extended family by the grandparents. Because the grandparents so love them, they are given freewill to almost anything for some even the bad deeds are ignored. The grandparents may also prevent the parents from taking action on their children and this brings about disrespect from the child’s end. Trouble, quarrel and conflicts are almost inevitable in extended family. Most times, there are fights especially when there is no mutual understanding among members. You hear about cousins fighting cousins, an uncle hates his nephew and so on and so forth.On the other hand, quarrels are almost null in the nuclear family. Who do you want to fight? Your siblings or parents. But in the extended family, due to the large size and little far relationship between people, these conflicts tend to prevail. Looking at both sides, it can be deduced that even though extended family has some disadvantages, still yet, the advantages outweighs the disadvantages. Its practice in Africa should therefore be preserved. People should realize the value of having family there to help support them when in need and to give them wisdom in ways that were never thought to be possible.

Kennewick Man Controversy

An Exploration of the Kennewick Man ControversyThe Kennewick Man contention is one of the most good known federal tribunal instances covering with NAGPRA and Anthropological research. The instance is influential for Native Americans, Anthropologists, Archaeologists, and federal jurisprudence shapers likewise. Though it lasted many old ages and endured a really rough route, the Kennewick Man instance will function as a great illustration and larning tool to anthropologists of today, tomorrow, and old ages to come. Kennewick Man has a great significance to anthropology and archeology for assorted grounds. It is possibly the most influential illustration of how the NAGPRA Torahs affect anthropologists and the complications that can come with the deficiency of lucidity in those Torahs. Kennewick Man besides has influenced anthropology by being one of the oldest and most complete human skeletal remains found in North America, which led to new information on beginning due to his skull morphology. â€Å"As one of the best-preserved New World skeletons of the period, the Kennewick specimen has the possible to lend greatly to this treatment, but it may be reburied before scientists can analyze it further† ( Slayman, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archaeology.org ) . The true significance of the Kennewick adult male can non yet be to the full explained because all of the scientific findings have yet to be concluded. We can merely trust that the hereafter research will ensue in the anthropolo gy detecting more replies that can take us to greater in-depth cognition of who we are, how we got here and how humanity originated. Kennewick adult male can decidedly be considered an ethical argument, when looking at the procedure from both a Native American ‘s spiritual and cultural position, every bit good as from an anthropological and scientific position. The ethical argument from the position of the Northwest Indian tribes to claim the remains is that harmonizing to their apprehension of NAGPRA jurisprudence they had â€Å"cultural affiliation† to the Kennewick Man, doing those folks responsible for the traditional religious and cultural attention of those remains – and moreover going their belongings. Vine Deloria, Jr. , a professor from the University of Colorado and Standing Rock Sioux native writes on the topic, siding with Native Americans saying that â€Å"Archaeology has ever been dominated by those who wave â€Å"science† in forepart of us like an unlimited recognition card, and we have deferred to them – believing that they represent the subject in an nonsubjective and indifferent mode. Yet the find of a skeleton in the Colombia River†¦ led to an overly baffled lawsuit..and a spade of claims by bookmans that this skeleton could rewrite the history of the Western Hemisphere.† ( Thomas, Page xviii ) . Because of their ethical standing, the scientific justification is non needfully an of import statement for US Anthropologists to maintain the remains. The whole logical thinking behind the NAGPRA Torahs should hold, in their sentiment, given them all rights to the remains – which would hold in bend prevented the remains from being studied further. When sing this as an ethical argument through an anthropological position, it comes down to the scientific importance of being able to analyze the remains. â€Å"Archaeologist Rob Bonnichsen was quoted as stating: ‘There ‘s a whole book of information [ in Kennewick Man ‘s castanetss ] . To set him back in the land is like firing a rare book so we ‘ll larn nil. . . .It seems to be the instance that there is a major attempt to barricade scientific enquiry into the survey of American beginnings ‘ ( O'Hagan, 1998: 8 ) .† ( Watkins, Page 13 ) The consequences of farther researching the Kennewick Man would do it possible to obtain replies that would profit non merely the Native Americans of North America, but humanity as a whole. Anthropology is in kernel the holistic survey of world, and utilizing the well preserved pieces of our yesteryear such as the Kennewick adult male, can most decidedly caducous new visible radiation on origin theories and lead to finds of our yesteryear. NAGPRA is the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act, is a jurisprudence which was passed by the federal authorities in 1990 to supply â€Å"a procedure for museums and Federal bureaus to return certain Native American cultural points — human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony – to lineal posterities, culturally attached Indian folk, and Native Hawaiian organizations.† ( www.nps.gov/nagpra ) . NAGPRA states that these cultural points will be repatriated to the Native Americans if they can turn out cultural association to the points in inquiry. â€Å"Cultural association is established when the preponderance of the grounds — based on geographical, affinity, biological, archaeological, lingual, folklore, unwritten tradition, historical grounds, or other information or adept sentiment — moderately leads to such a conclusion.† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nps.gov/nagpra/TRAINING/Cul tural_Affiliation.pdf ) In order to try at clear uping the finding of cultural association, certain guidelines have been set in topographic point. â€Å"All of the undermentioned demands must be met to find cultural association between a contemporary Indian folk or Native Hawaiian organisation and the human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony of an earlier group: ( 1 ) Being of an identifiable contemporary Indian folk or Native Hawaiian organisation with standing under these ordinances and the Act ; and ( 2 ) Evidence of the being of an identifiable earlier group. Support for this demand may include, but is non needfully limited to grounds sufficient to: ( I ) Establish the individuality and cultural features of the earlier group, ( two ) Document distinguishable forms of material civilization industry and distribution methods for the earlier group, or ( three ) Establish the being of the earlier group as a biologically distinguishable population ; and ( 3 ) Evidence of the being of a shared group individuality that can be moderately traced between the contemporary Indian folk or Native Hawaiian organisation and the earlier group. Evidence to back up this demand must set up that a contemporary Indian folk or Native Hawaiian organisation has been identified from prehistoric or historic times to the present as falling from the earlier group.† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nps.gov/nagpra/TRAINING/Cultural_Affiliation.pdf ) In the Kennewick Man contention, The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers was responsible for the land on which the Kennewick Man was found, ab initio doing him the belongings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. They had chosen to let anthropologists to analyze the remains to seek and bring out some replies in the enigma of the Kennewick Man. After through NAGPRA, the remains were ordered to be returned to the local Native Americans, the Scientists and Army Corps decided to seek and prosecute an entreaty with NAGPRA. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers where shortly after involved in a Federal tribunal instance to find to whom the remains should belong. Since the Kennewick Man was discovered on their belongings, the remains became that federal bureau ‘s duty. After the concluding opinion, it was ordered that the Kennewick adult male stay belongings of the Army Corps. The Kennewick argument involved a US Federal Court instance between the Northwest Native American folk ( the Umatilla, Yakama, Nez Perce, Wanapum and Colville ) who laid claim over the Kennewick Mans remains, and the US Army Corps of Engineers ‘ Scientists who were responsible for the remains because they were discovered on their belongings. The archeologists and physical anthropologists analyzing the remains argued that the significant significance of the remains could assist reply many inquiries of human in-migration into North America. These scientists were the complainant in the instance. After farther survey of the remains the Department of the Interior and National Park Service, in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers were able to happen concluding to confute exact cultural association with the Native America Tribes, saying that NAGPRA Torahs did non use to the Kennewick Man ‘s instance. The Anthropologists want to further analyze the remains because they are one of the oldest, most good preserved and complete homo remains of all time to be found in the Western Hemisphere. By analyzing the castanetss, we could happen replies to when and how worlds foremost entered North America, every bit good as information about the Kennewick Man ‘s decease, civilization and life style. The Native American folks did non desire him studied because if he were culturally affiliated with the folks, they would be responsible for guaranting the Kennewick Man ‘s proper entombment. Defacing or analyzing the remains would be against their spiritual, religious and cultural beliefs. The Plaintiff Scientists in the instance were comprised of eight anthropologists and archaeologists brought together for the right to analyze the remains and halt repatriation. â€Å"The eight complainants in Bonnichsen v. United States included five physical anthropologists ( C. Loring Brace, Richard Jantz, Douglas Owsley, George Gill, and D. Gentry Steele ) and three archaeologists ( Robson Bonnichsen, Dennis J. Stanford, and C. Vance Haynes Jr. ) . Owsley and Stanford were at the Smithsonian Institution and the others held university positions.â€Å" ( Oldham, www.historylink.org ) The suspect party consisted of the five Native American folks claiming cultural association to the remains and advancing the repatriation of the Kennewick adult male. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers were in charge of the remains, and along with the Department of the Interior and National Park Service furthered the surveies to find the beginning of the Kennewick Man ‘s lineage and line of descent for proper association. The Kennewick Man instance was eventually concluded, and the opinion was in favour of the complainant scientists. â€Å"The scientific community should be allowed to analyze the 9,000-year- old human castanetss known as Kennewick Man, a 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruled †¦ rejecting an entreaty by several folks claiming affinity and seeking to rebury the remains†¦ The three-judge panel, with an sentiment written by Judge Ronald Gould, upheld a District Court determination that the folks have shown no direct affinity to the remains and have no such authority.† ( Paulson, www.Seattlepi.com ) Today the remains of the controversial Kennewick Man reside in the Burke Museum at the University of Washington, where scientists continue to analyze the remains. The opinion and scientific surveies proved that the line of descent of the Kennewick adult male was more Caucasic than Native American, hence dissociating him with Native American association and taking him from NAGPRA ordinances. In the controversial instance affecting the Kennewick Man, I am pleased with the result. I side with the scientists, admiting the significance of analyzing the Kennewick Man ‘s remains. Because the Kennewick Man was proven to be non of Native American line of descent, it seems inarguable that the instance be removed from under NAGPRA Torahs. The possible replies that can come from the future surveies of the Kennewick Man are so huge that I can merely wait with exhilaration for consequences to come from these surveies. With Archaeology and Anthropology technologically progressing more and more every twenty-four hours, it is a great unmeasurable triumph for scientific discipline to be able to dispute and win such an influential instance as this one.

History of Imperialism

History of Imperialism There is no exact definition of imperialism in particular. Usually, this word is confused with colonialism. However, the two words are frequently related to European expansionism except that imperialism is far reaching to the Ottoman and Chinese histories. Certainly, imperialism was a way of life to ancient societies such as Persian and Greek, Aztec and Mayan among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imperialism by definition is the maintenance or creation of unequal cultural and economic relationship between states where one is a subordination of the other. Others define it as the policy that allows a nation to extend its authority or control through establishment of political and economic hegemony through acquisition of other nation’s territorial boundaries (Lenin 14). Imperialism evolved through a series of stages dating back to the AD era. Before developing into a major kingdom, Europe underwent major transformations over a long period of time. Meanwhile, Africa was characterized by a constant stream of explorers and outside traders who brought in new religions and ideas. On the other hand, Henry, the then Prince of Portugal, sent ships to West Africa in attempt to explore the area. He commanded ships to take gold to West Africa in exchange for slaves, and this resulted to the establishment of new colonies especially inside America. Imperialism then took a different phase of industrial revolution where natural resources and raw materials such as diamond and rubber were being transported to Britain. Then followed the era of The Atlantic Slave Trade where horrible injustice was committed against African slaves before they got sold to major kingdoms such as Britain (Lugard 59). Moreover, the scramble for Africa by colonial masters began, and this led to the Berlin Conference of 1888. However, imperialism was resisted in some Af rican countries like the Zulu in South Africa. Meanwhile, effects of imperialism especially loss of life through slave trade raised a lot of tension amongst African nations. This was followed by Independence Nationalism that led to the Pan-Africanism movement, which was aimed at bringing all Africans together on the basis of their common heritage. Through World War II, most European countries were weakened and Pan-Africanism gained strength. As such, most African nations gained independence during the 1950s.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, these nations experienced poor governments and poor economies, which they struggled to stabilize. As this was happening in Africa, Middle East started experiencing imperialism through the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In the nineteenth century, most independent states such as Egypt were recaptured by the Great Britain. Elsewhere, as India was struggling to gain independence in 1919, troops from Britain wounded and killed almost one thousand five hundred civilians (Lenin 39). What followed from that period was a series of events that led to today’s imperialism. Despite the brevity of the imperialism era, its impact on the world was immense. The European countries who were the major perpetrators of this concept had their culture and society tremendously influenced by the various colonies they captured. Even after independence of most colonies, the interaction process between the colonized and the colonizers continued. Consequently, massive migration from the colonies into Europe occurred, and this was a key factor to the emergence of Europe’s multicultural societies. On a similar note, the culture of Europe was copied to the colonized nations. For instance, European sports such as soccer and cricket are adapted in most countries around Africa, the Pacific, and Asia. This idea is further evidenced by the manner in which countries around these regions speak French and English. Besides, the imperialism legacy developed in different spheres of such colonies. This includes metropolitan economic ties, communication networks, and economic structures that have undoubtedly shaped the contemporary society. Surprisingly, the imperialism legacy has far reaching effects not only in the past, but also in the foreseeable future. Take for example the world’s fluctuations on market that greatly depend on Europe’s economy, which has become so hard to remove, and hence, enhancing this idea of dependency (Lugard 22). Accordingly, imperialism related legacy extends to religious systems in the colonized countries. Not only did campaigns by Christian missionaries convert individuals, but also they left behind a series of Christian states such as Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria in Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also left behind Catholicism in South Asia and Latin America. Moreover, modernization resulted from imperialism. This resulted to descent cities, the emergence of the money economy, ownership of private land, modern medicine, cash crop farming, and modern technologies among others. Besides, some of the legacy include infrastructure. Evidence exists that some British built road network and water projects in India, Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Pakistan are present up to date. In addition, the British employed the divide and rule strategy that led to ethnic divisions present in our society. For example, they preferred the Hausa and Tutsi communities in Nigeria and Rwanda respectively. They also preferred the Kikuyu in Kenya and the resettled slaves in Liberia. Also, they placed borders illogically, and this led to ethnic conflicts such as those seen in Kashmir, Palestine/Israel, Spanish Sahara/Moroccan Sahara, Biafra war, and West/Eastern Pakistan. Lenin, Vladimir. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947. Lugard, Frederick. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood and Sons, 1922.